Fig. 1: Schematic and characterization of the HDSG.

a SEM image of a springtail insect. b Magnified SEM view of the springtail’s cuticle. c Optical microscopy image of the fabricated hyperbolic domed star grid (HDSG). d Cross-sectional SEM image of a single HDSG pillar. e–g Fabrication process of the HDSG: e Initial star grid (SG) microstructures with straight sidewalls. f Transformation into a hyperbolic star grid (HSG) with hyperbolic sidewalls via capillary wrapping. g Final dome-shaped geometry of the HDSG achieved through direct transfer. h–j Schematic representations of HDSG functionality: h Multiaxial liquid repellency. i Superomniphobicity via air entrapment. j Lateral repellency that prevents liquid penetration.