Fig. 4: Removal of oil residues on HDSGs.

Schematic illustration of oil detachment behavior: a Oil residue remains on the flat HSG due to liquid bridge breakup; b Complete removal occurs on the HDSG due to the dome-induced clean detachment. High-speed imaging of single-pillar interactions with oil droplets: c On the HSG, oil residue remains after droplet retraction; d On the HDSG, the dome shape is preserved and no residue is observed. Macroscopic cleaning test using UV-active olive oil: e Residue remains on the HSG surface after wiping, visible under UV light; f No fluorescent residue is observed on the HDSG after cleaning.