Fig. 4: Photoenzyme cascade bioreactor of iCOFcap-1.

a The illustration of the synthesis of FDH&RhCp*&NAD+◎iCOFcap-1 and cascade catalysis route from CO2 to formic acid. b TEM image and EDS elemental mappings of RhCp*◎iCOFcap-1 indicating the C, N, and Rh elemental distributions. Scale bar: 100 nm. Three times each experiment was repeated independently with similar results. c High-resolution XPS of P 2p of NAD+◎iCOFcap-1. d The AQY as a function of the incident light wavelength in photocatalytic NADH regeneration and the related DRS. e Effects of RhCp* contents on the photo-regeneration yield of NADH in 15 min. f Visible-light-driven artificial photosynthesis of formic acid from CO2 catalyzed by FDH&RhCp*&NAD+◎iCOFcap-1 (sample 1) and iCOFcap-1 with one-pot integration of FDH, RhCp*, and NAD+ (sample 2). The error bar of the sample refers to the standard deviation of three groups prepared at different times (n = 3). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.