Fig. 1: Chemically gated artificial nanochannels for programmable modulated transport regulation.

a Mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opens upon the coordinated stimulation in nature. IMM inner mitochondrial membrane, OMM outer mitochondrial membrane, IMS intermembrane space, VDAC voltage-dependent anion channel, ANT adenine nucleotide translocator. b Design of biomimetic chemically gated artificial nanochannels based on functionalized glass nanopipettes. Seq-1 from 5′ to 3′: a linker part (Linker) for inner surface attachment, Ca²⁺ specific DNAzyme (CD), and a Hemin-bonded G-quadruplex DNAzyme part (HG4). HG4 can catalyze the ROS-mediated oxidation of ABTS to produce metastable radicals (ABTS^•+ at pH = 5.5 and ABTS^•− at pH = 7.4). Seq-2 from 5′ to 3′: a substrate part (Substrate) and a short random DNA sequence (RD). c Programmable modulation of the artificial nanochannels under the synergetic effect of multiple key chemical signals. From left to right: the current–voltage (I–V) curve measured in a single nanopipette without any treatment (Null), different ICR ratio evolutionary paths upon the treatment of input signals (different concentrations of Ca²⁺/ROS/H⁺), the current–voltage (I–V) curve measured in a single nanopipette after stimulation (Output). The adding order of chemical stimuli: Path-1 (P1), Ca²⁺, ROS, H⁺; Path-2 (P2), ROS, Ca²⁺, H⁺; Path-3 (P3), ROS, H⁺, Ca²⁺; Path-4 (P4), H⁺, ROS, Ca²⁺; Path-5 (P5), Ca²⁺, H⁺, ROS; Path-6 (P6), H⁺; Ca²⁺; ROS. Source data are provided as a Source data file.