Fig. 2: DON-based design scheme for data storage.

a DONs are delineated by a black linear framework signifying its scaffold strands, complemented by blue filigrees that represent the staple strands, collaboratively assembling a robust DNA nanostructure. Red dots indicate potential SA conjugation sites for data encoding, where SA presence/absence defines bit states (1/0). b The synthesis and data encoding process of DON nodes involves the utilization of M13 single-stranded DNA extracted from Escherichia coli as the scaffold, the data strands along with SA are affixed to these nanostructures, thereby accomplishing the encoding process. The AFM image depicting all domains of the three DONs, each interfaced with SA for the storage of information, shown images are from one experiment representative of 3 independent replicates. Scale bar: 50 nm. c The size of each node used by DONLDS for storing information, as well as its storage capacity and density, shown images are from one experiment representative of 3 independent replicates. Scale bar: 50 nm.