Fig. 4: CDON nodes for digital information storage.

a Experiment on Node connection and disconnection Based on CDON. At stage 0, which is the initial stage, the data nodes are in a separate stage. Upon transitioning to stage 1, the data nodes change from a separate stage to a combined stage. Subsequently, at stage 2, the data nodes dissociate from the combined stage back to a separate stage. Finally, at stage 3, the data nodes once again enter a combined stage. Scale bar: 200 nm. b CDON nodes store Arabic numerals information from 1–10. Scale bar: 50 nm. c Head nodes and data nodes. In the head nodes, the confirmation point is blue, the north latitude point is green, the south latitude point is gray, the west longitude point is red, and the east longitude point is orange. In the data nodes, the unit degree point is yellow, the unit minute point is light blue, the data domain ‘0’ is white, and the data domain ‘1’ is black. d A world map displaying the binary codes and locations of four cities, with color-coded pins using blue for New York, orange for Beijing, green for Brasilia, and purple for Sydney. e CDON nodes store the latitude and longitude information of each city, New York: 40°43’N, 74°00’W, Beijing: 39°56’N, 116°20’E, Brasilia: 15°47’S, 47°56’W, Sydney: 33°55’S, 150°53’E. Scale bar: 50 nm.