Fig. 3: LCO⊥ and LCO∥ structural mapping during charging.

a Current (black) and capacity (red) of the AEA battery during potentiostatic charge at 4.3 V. The square symbols mark specific times during the charge labelled with Latin letters. b Colour map of the c parameter as a function of time during charging (data is shown for a pixel at the top of the electrode). c c parameter spatial maps measured for LCO⊥ and LCO∥ (top and bottom lines respectively) and shown for different times during the charge. Times, labelled as Latin numbers (I, II, III etc.), are shown in a). Each pixel is 33 x 1 µm in the horizontal and vertical direction, respectively. Map size is 1.36 mm×40 µm (horizontal x vertical). d shows the average c (top) and a (bottom) lattice parameter variations for LCO⊥ and LCO∥, respectively. Different coloured lines correspond to different time during the charge (I to VII). e Experimental and modelled Li concentration profiles during biphasic transition in plain and dotted line, respectively. Calculations of the error bars of the experimental Li concentration is detailed in the methods. Source data for 3a,d,e are provided as a Source Data file.