Fig. 4: LCO⊥ and LCO∥ structural mapping during discharging.

a Voltage (black) and capacity (red) of the AEA battery during the galvanostatic discharge. b Colour map of the averaged c parameter as a function of time during discharging (data is shown for a pixel at the top of the electrode). c c parameter spatial maps measured for LCO⊥ and LCO∥ (top and bottom line respectively) and shown for different times during the discharge. Times, labelled as Latin numbers (VIII, IX, X etc.), are shown in a. Each pixel is 33 × 1 µm in the horizontal and vertical direction, respectively. Map size is 1.36 mm × 40 µm (horizontal x vertical). d shows the average c (top) and a (bottom) lattice parameter variation for LCO⊥ and LCO∥, respectively. Different coloured lines correspond to different time during the discharge. e Experimental and modelled Li concentration profile during biphasic transition in plain and dotted line, respectively. Calculations of the error bars of the experimental Li concentration is detailed in the methods. Source data for 4a,d,c are provided as a Source Data file.