Fig. 1: Electrochemical characterization of the thin film model system with a YSZ electrolyte.

a Nyquist plot of LSCF modified with a 1 nm PrOx thin film, with a schematic of the electrochemical model. b Area specific resistance and (c) chemical capacitance of LSCF (100 nm) and PrOx (80 nm), as well as LSCF modified with 1 nm, 5 nm, and 10 nm of PrOx under 0.21 atm pO2 with different biases at 700 °C. d Calculated chemical capacitance of LSCF modified with 1 nm, 5 nm, and 10 nm of PrOx, based on a linear combination of the volumetric chemical capacitance of PrOx and LSCF. The lines represent calculated results, while the dots depict experimental test results. Error bars are obtained from the standard variation from three measurements on different electrodes.