Fig. 4: Performance enhancement after PrOx surface modification in realistic SOCs.

a Cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image showing the structure of a Ni-YSZ/YSZ/GDC/LSCF anode-supported cell. b, c Distribution of relaxation time (DRT) plots of (b) the pristine cell and (c) after infiltration with PrOx. d Typical I-V-P curves of bare cells with LSCF and the LSCF modified with PrOx electrodes under different oxygen pressures in fuel cell mode at 700 °C with H2 fuel (200 sccm). e Maximum power density versus the oxygen partial pressure at the air electrode obtained from (b). f Typical I-V curves of the cells under electrolysis mode at 700 °C with 50% H2O and 50% H2 as the fuel electrode gas.