Fig. 1: Robust induction of IL-6 and CXCL-10 in astrocytes by RABV.

A MA-C, SVGP12, and N2a cells were infected with CVS-11 at different MOIs (N2a, MOI = 0.1; MA-C and SVGP12, MOI = 1) for 24 h or 48 h. Viral particles were detected by direct fluorescence antibody assay (DFA); red fluorescence represents cells and apple-green fluorescence represents fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled RABV. Scale bar, 25 µm. B–D N2a and MA-C cells were infected with CVS-11 at different MOIs for indicated time, the titers of extracellular viral particles, copy numbers and protein level of N P were analyzed using DFA (B), RT-qPCR (C), and IB (D) individually. E, F Six-weeks old C57BL/6 mice were challenged intramuscularly (IM) with 10 LD₅₀ of lethal CVS-11, the mouse brains were isolated at 7 d.p.i. and the infection in primary neurons and astrocytes were detected by indirect immunofluorescence. RABV (green), glial fibrillar acidic protein (GFAP) (red), and neuronal nuclei (NeuN) (red) were shown. Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (blue). G MA-C cells were infected with CVS-11 for indicated time, the concentration of cytokines was analyzed using ELISA. Results in (E and F) are one representative from three biologically independent experiments with similar results. Scale bar, 100 µm or 10 µm. The quantitative results (mean ± s.e.) shown in (B, C, and G) were from three independent experiments each done in triplicate. Unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test were performed. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.