Fig. 1: Universality of the KWW function in describing the relaxation dynamics of various glassy materials.

a Relaxation behaviors of various glassy systems are well captured by the KWW equation. These systems include metallic glasses (Ce-based⁵, Pd-based⁶, Zr-based⁷), polymer glasses (PVC⁸, PS85K³⁸, PC³⁸, PMMA³⁸), and inorganic silica glasses^12,39. The relaxation dynamics are extracted from diverse physical quantities, including recovered enthalpy, hardness, creep modulus, fictive temperature, and strain, measured under different aging protocols (the fitted values of τ_eff and β_eff are listed in Supplementary Table 1). b By reducing the aging time with the non-equilibrium effective relaxation time τ_eff and the β_eff index obtained in (a), the variations in different physical properties of various types of glass can be unified into a single master curve, demonstrating the effectiveness of the KWW empirical formula in describing the kinetic decay of relaxation.