Fig. 4: Trans-scale optical simulations for OLEDs with their structures and the attached LP30-LOSs optimized for each geometric condition.

a, b, The EQE (a) and CE (b) of the OLEDs with LP30-LOSs with different \({r}_{{{{\rm{RA}}}}}/{r}_{{{{\rm{EA}}}}}\) and \({t}_{{{{\rm{LOS}}}}}/{r}_{{{{\rm{EA}}}}}\). Here, \({n}_{{{{\rm{sub}}}}}\) and \({t}_{{{{\rm{sub}}}}}/{r}_{{{{\rm{EA}}}}}\) are fixed to 1.51 and 1.4, respectively. c, d The EQE (c) and CE (d) of the OLEDs with LP30-LOSs with different \({r}_{{{{\rm{RA}}}}}/{r}_{{{{\rm{EA}}}}}\) and \({t}_{{{{\rm{sub}}}}}/{r}_{{{{\rm{EA}}}}}\). Here, \({n}_{{{{\rm{sub}}}}}\) and \({t}_{{{{\rm{LOS}}}}}/{r}_{{{{\rm{EA}}}}}\) are fixed to 1.51 and 0.05, respectively. e, f The EQE (e) and CE (f) of the OLEDs with LP30-LOSs with different \({n}_{{{{\rm{sub}}}}}\) and \({r}_{{{{\rm{RA}}}}}/{r}_{{{{\rm{EA}}}}}\). Here, \({t}_{{{{\rm{LOS}}}}}/{r}_{{{{\rm{EA}}}}}\) and \({t}_{{{{\rm{sub}}}}}/{r}_{{{{\rm{EA}}}}}\) are fixed to 0.05 and 1.4, respectively. g, h The impact of the in-plane misalignment to the EQE (g) and CE (h) of the OLEDs with LP30-LOSs. Here, \({t}_{{{{\rm{sub}}}}}/{r}_{{{{\rm{EA}}}}}\), \({t}_{{{{\rm{LOS}}}}}/{r}_{{{{\rm{EA}}}}}\), and \({n}_{{{{\rm{sub}}}}}\) are fixed to 1.4, 0.05, and 1.51, respectively.