Fig. 1: Characterization of the gut methane-oxidizing bacteria enrichment culture.

A The pipeline of isolation of gut methane-oxidizing bacteria (MOB). B Detection of the amplified pmoA-gene obtained with the primer pair Adj-pmoA. S1-S4 means four 5th cultures, and NK means non-treatment blank group. Single experiment. C Representative Fluorescence micrograph of the bacteria from gut contents. From left to right means micrograph using prokaryote staining DAPI, the MOB labeled with the red fluorescent, and an overlay of the blue DAPI stained cells with red MOB results in pink cells. Two biological replicates showed the similar results. D The altered relative abundance of gut microbes with culturing. Only the top three microbes with the most relative abundance in different samples are shown. E Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree of the MOB based on the 16S rRNA genes, with gut MOB in red font. Type strains are identified with ‘T’. Bootstrap 1000 times. Bar, 0.01 substitutions per nucleotide position. F Representative electron micrographs of ultrathin sections of gut MOB cells. Bar, 0.2 µm. ICM: Intracytoplasmic membranes. Four biological replicates showed similar results. G The whole genome circle plot of gut MOB, and the region of methane-oxidizing genes are shown under the circle plot. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.