Fig. 3: Inducible bacterial lysis and intestinal distribution of Bac^{OR-Fn-T+phiX174}.

A Colony-forming unit (CFU) image after arabinose induction. B Number of colonies quantification over time (n = 3 independent experiments; p values are determined with two-tailed unpaired Student’s t-test). C Bacterial growth curves in LB, SGF, and SIF ± arabinose via OD_600nm measurement (n = 3 independent experiments). D TEM showing bacterial morphology after 6 h under different conditions. Scale bar = 1 µm. E In vivo bioluminescence imaging of the mouse GI tract after oral administration with Bac^OR-Fn-T+Luc and arabinose water. The reporter strain carries luciferase under control of the pBAD promoter, resulting in arabinose-inducible light emission but no lysis. F Quantitative analysis of luminescence intensity in different GI regions (n = 3 mice per group). G Bacterial colonies were recovered from feces on LB agar plates. H Quantification of viable Bac^{OR-Fn-T+phiX174} in feces over time (n = 3 independent experiments). Data are presented as mean ± SD; analyzed via one-way ANOVA with a Sidak’s multiple comparisons test. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.