Fig. 3: Operando characterization and impurity tolerance of electrolysis with ISG.
From: Ion-selective interface engineering for durable electrolysis of impure water
a Schematic illustration of the operando Raman setup in MEA mode. b Ratio of weakly/strongly H-bonded water at the cathode with and without ISG under different current densities. c Time-resolved Raman spectra at the cathode without ISG, showing the growth of Mg(OH)2 deposits. d Time-resolved Raman spectra at the cathode with ISG, showing suppressed Mg(OH)2 formation. e Ratio of weakly/strongly H-bonded water at the anode with and without ISG under different current densities. f Cl element XPS spectra of the anode surface with and without ISG after the OER reaction. g Faradaic efficiency for hydrogen evolution in the presence of various cationic impurities. h Faradaic efficiency for oxygen evolution in the presence of various anionic impurities. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
