Fig. 1: Schematic illustration of the holistic strategy for improving perovskite solar module (PSM) performance using versatile TFSI salts.

a Comparisons of disadvantages and advantages between conventional spiro-HTL and the proposed light-accelerated oxidation treatment (LODT) spiro-HTL in perovskite photovoltaics. b LODT process for HTL. This process utilizes a proton-donating salt, NH4TFSI, to facilitate the light-accelerated, proton-mediated oxidation of spiro-OMeTAD to spiroTFSI. c Application of TFSI salts in the perovskite layer and at the interface. KTFSI is incorporated as additive into the perovskite precursor solution to improve the crystalline quality of the film and to optimize the energy level alignment with HTL; OATFSI is employed as a co-dopant in HTL and surface passivation on perovskite to enhance its hydrophobicity and form stable 2D PVSK.