Fig. 2: PVP-057 activated IRF and NF-kB via the TLR3 pathway.

A, B Wild-type and MyD88-, TBK1-, and IRF3-knockout THP-1 cells were stimulated with 25 µM PVP-057 for 24 h. Results are shown as mean percentage activity of 100 ng/mL TNF for NF-κB signaling (A) and of 1 µg/mL IFNβ for IRF-Lucia signaling (B), with the mean activity in the parent cell line indicated by the dotted line. Error bars represent SEM. Welch ANOVA with post-hoc Dunnett’s test against the parent cell line were applied. N = 7 technical replicates per cell condition (A, B). HEK-hTLR3-overexpressing cells and their parental HEK-Null1 cells along with HEK-hTLR4-overexpressing cells (C), and wild-type and TRIF knockout THP-1 cells (D, E) were stimulated with PVP-057 for 24 h in an 8-point, 1:2 dilution scheme with a top concentration of 50 µM. N = 4, 7, and 8 technical replicates for Null1, hTLR3, and hTLR4, respectively, at each concentration (C). N = 8 technical replicates at all concentrations except 50 µM (N = 5) (D, E). Results are shown as mean fold activity over DMSO; error bars represent SEM. Statistical comparisons employed the Mann–Whitney U test. ^NS p > 0.05, *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, *** p ≤ 0.001, and **** p ≤ 0.0001. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.