Fig. 5: PVP-057 demonstrated adjuvanticity in vivo via IM and ID routes.

6 to 8-week-old C57BL/6 mice were IM or ID immunized with PBS or VZV gE antigen with or without PVP-057 or AS01B. Mice were immunized on Day 0 and boosted on Day 14. Serum samples were collected at Days 14, 28, 42, 93, and 184 after initial immunization. (A, D) Anti-VZVgE IgG, (B, E) IgG1, and (C, F) IgG2c titers were assessed. (A-C) Longitudinal antibody titers of mice immunized IM (solid) and ID (dashed) with either VZV gE alone (black) or VZV gE + PVP-057 (red) are shown. Dotted line represents lower limit of detection. Data are presented as mean values ± SEM. Two-sided Mann–Whitney U tests were applied for comparisons between IM- and ID-immunized PVP-057-adjuvanted groups (denoted above individual timepoints in red). One-sided Mann–Whitney U tests were applied for comparisons against VZV gE alone (denoted above individual timepoints in black). ^NS p > 0.05, * p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01, *** p ≤ 0.001, and **** p ≤ 0.0001. A mixed-effects model for repeated measures was applied between IM- and ID-immunized PVP-057-adjuvanted groups. ^NS p > 0.05, ⁺ p ≤ 0.05, ⁺⁺ p ≤ 0.01, and ⁺⁺⁺ p ≤ 0.001. D–G Day 14 antibody titers after a single round of immunization are shown as boxplot (D–F) or radar plot (G). H VZV gE + PVP-057 is benchmarked to VZV gE + AS01B. Results are shown as fold over VZV gE + AS01B antibody titers. Box plots depict median and interquartile range (IQR), with whiskers extending to minimum and maximum data points. Two-sided Mann–Whitney U tests were applied. ^NS p > 0.05, * p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01, *** p ≤ 0.001, and **** p ≤ 0.0001. N = 6 biological replicates per group, except for PVP-057-adjuvanted group (N = 7). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.