Fig. 5: H₂O₂ production performance in a 100-cm² SSE electrolyzer with a CQDs-CHO/GDE cathode.

Digital photos of a SSE elelctrolyzer with an electrode surface area of 1-cm² or 100-cm², and b the operational system. c LSV curves recorded in the 100-cm² SSE electrolyzer at a scan rate of 10 mV s⁻¹ using 0.05 M H₂SO₄ + 0.05 M Na₂SO₄ (acidic condition, solid line) or pure water (dashed line) flowing through the middle SSE layer. d Recorded FE_H2O2 and e corresponding partial current densities over CQDs-CHO cast GDEs at current ranging from 1.0 to 20.0 A in the 100-cm² SSE electrolyzer. The error bars correspond to the s.d. of three independent measurements. f Continuous electrolysis at 10.0 A for the degradation of Eosin-Y in pure water. g Time-course UV-Vis spectra of Eosin-Y-containing solution. The concentration of Eosin-Y was 0.1 M, and the volume of electrolyte reservoir was 1 L. Source data for this figure are provided in the Source Data file.