Fig. 3: Performance characteristics of the sensing array.

a Response to temperature changes under cyclic loading. b Durability under 20,000 loading cycles. c Magnetic flux density vs. interfacial substrate modulus (E) under constant normal and shear stresses. d Response to the subject weight and geomagnetic factors during surgical bed rotation. e Cross-talk analysis between adjacent sensing nodes. f Signal stability during 6-hour aqueous immersion. g Tri-axial sensing node calibration: range and accuracy. h 3D-SSA measured stress distributions in the lumbosacral region. i Comparison of pressure measurements with commercial sensor.