Fig. 5: Identical location STEM (IL-STEM) results and mechanistic investigation.
From: Atomic diffusion pathway mediated subsurface engineering
a IL-STEM images of L10-PtFe@PtPdsub/C catalysts of initial, after 30,000 potential cycles, and after 50,000 potential cycles. Scale bar, 2 nm. b IL-EDS quantification of elemental content in catalysts at different reaction stages. c Charge density difference of L10-PtFe@PtPdsub/C. The blue and yellow isosurfaces indicate charge accumulation and depletion, respectively. Gray spheres represent Pt atoms, and red spheres represent Pd atoms. d d-band PDOS (surface Pt layer) for L10-PtFe@Pt. e d-band PDOS (surface Pt layer and Pd 4d) for L10-PtFe@PtPdsub. The Fermi level is set at zero energy (gray dashed line). f Calculated free energy diagram for L10-PtFe@PtPdsub (111), L10-PtFe@Pt (111), and Pt (111) catalysts under an electrode potential of 0 V. g Vacancy formation energy (Evacancy) of surface Pt atoms for L10-PtFe@Pt, L10-PtFe@PtPdsur, and L10-PtFe@PtPdsub. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
