Fig. 3: Investigation of the shape recovery behavior controlled by the tirr. | Nature Communications

Fig. 3: Investigation of the shape recovery behavior controlled by the tirr.

From: 4D printing of trigger-free shape-memory hydrogels towards self-adaptive substrates for bioelectronics

Fig. 3: Investigation of the shape recovery behavior controlled by the tirr.

a The predictive relationship among the tonset, the conversion, and the tirr. b Illustration showing the phase separation behavior for the hydrogels irradiated by different time. c Shape recovery kinetics of the hydrogels printed by different tirr. Before recovery at 25 °C water, all the samples were folded at 90 °C water for 1 min. d The tonset of the hydrogels synthesized by different tirr. Data are presented as mean values +/- SD with n = 3 sample replicates. e SEM images of the samples before the heating programming. f SEM images of the samples quenched immediately after the heating programming in 90 °C water for 1 min. These images are representative of results from three tested samples. All the scale bars are 1 μm.

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