Fig. 6: Evaluation of antifreeze Zn2+ solvation chemistry.
From: Gradient chaotropic regulation of Zn2+ solvation chemistry for low-temperature zinc metal batteries
a Schematic of chaotropic anions regulating H-bond structure in bulk electrolyte. b DSC curves (−60 to 0 °C). c Ionic conductivity at low temperatures. d Arrhenius curves and activation energies. e, f Symmetric cell plating/stripping behavior at −30 °C and −40 °C in 20% EFA. g Zn||VO2@VO performance across temperatures. h Long-term cycling at −40 °C. i Comparison with previously reported low-temperature batteries.
