Fig. 4: Aversive learning and memory of honeybees are modulated by oral supplementation of Enterococcus.
From: Gut microbiota modulates aversive learning and memory of honeybees (Apis mellifera)
a The SER percentage during aversive learning acquisition of microbiota-free honeybees (MFB), Enterococcus faecium-colonized honeybees (EfmB), and Enterococcus faecalis-colonized honeybees (EfsB). b The SER percentage during aversive learning acquisition of MFB, MFB supplied with tyrosine (MFB & Tyr), EfmB supplied with tyrosine (EfmB & Tyr), and EfsB supplied with tyrosine (EfsB & Tyr). The symbols of plus (+) and minus (-) respectively represent the response of honeybees to hexanol and linalool. The MFB data of (a, b) are the same. Statistical analyses were conducted by binomial generalized linear mixed model (EfmB vs. MFB, p = 3.77 × 10−5; EfsB vs. MFB, p = 2.60 × 10−5; MFB & Tyr vs. MFB, p = 0.9950; EfmB & Tyr vs. MFB, p = 2.13 × 10−5; EfsB & Tyr vs. MFB, p = 9.95 × 10−5; EfmB & Tyr vs. MFB & Tyr, p = 1.87 × 10−5; EfsB & Tyr vs. MFB & Tyr, p = 1.09 × 10−4). Data are shown in mean ± SEM. c, d (c) The acquisition index and (d) the acquisition trial of honeybees in the aversive learning assay. Data were tested by one-way ANOVA test with Tukey’s multiple comparisons (Acquisition index, F(5, 30) = 11.1300, p < 0.0001; Acquisition trial, F(5, 30) = 9.8400, p < 0.0001). The center line across the box represents the median, and the lower and upper whiskers indicate the minima and maxima, respectively. Box boundaries are the 25th and 75th percentiles. e The successful and unsuccessful honeybee percentage in the memory retrieval assay. Percentage was tested using two-sided Chi-squared test (MFB & Tyr vs. MFB, χ2 = 0.3680, p = 0.5441; EfmB vs. MFB, χ2 = 6.5130, p = 0.0107; EfmB & Tyr vs. MFB, χ2 = 16.7600, p < 0.0001; EfsB vs. MFB, χ2 = 7.4470, p = 0.0064; EfsB & Tyr vs. MFB, χ2 = 15.4100, p < 0.0001; EfmB vs. MFB & Tyr, χ2 = 3.9680, p = 0.0464; EfmB & Tyr vs. MFB & Tyr, χ2 = 12.8400, p = 0.0003; EfsB & Tyr vs. MFB & Tyr, χ2 = 4.7280, p = 0.0297; EfsB & Tyr vs. MFB & Tyr, χ2 = 11.6300, p = 0.0007). Ten honeybees were randomly selected from each of 6 cages (n = 60 per group) (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
