Fig. 1: Wolbachia promotes fitness and ovary development in female SBPH.

a–c Effects of Wolbachia infection on fitness parameters of SBPH. a Egg numbers laid by a female within 15 days after emergence (Wilcoxon test, W = 655.5, p = 0.0024). b Egg hatch rate (Wilcoxon test, W = 671, p = 0.0011). c Survival curves of the adult females (Cox proportional-hazards model, hazard ratio = 2.88, 95%CI = [2.18, 3.67], p = 3.43e-05). d Egg numbers laid by a female through the whole life-time. Data were recorded in 2-day intervals (GLM analysis with Gaussian distribution, symbiont effect, df = 1, F = 86.04, p < 2.2e-16). e Egg numbers by a female in the first six days after emergence (GLM analysis with Gaussian distribution, symbiont effect, df = 1, F = 48.12, p = 4.93e-11). The symbol × indicates no eggs were laid at that time. f, g Number of mature oocytes (f) (GLM analysis, symbiont effect with Poisson distribution, df = 1, p = 1.2e-10) and ovarian morphology (g) in female SBPH at 1-, 3-, and 5-day post-emergence. WI Wolbachia-infected, WU Wolbachia-uninfected. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001; ****, p < 0.0001. Detailed statistical information can be found in Supplementary Data 1. Source data are available in the source data file.