Fig. 3: Wolbachia upregulates SBPH females’ energy production.

a Overview of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, which includes ATP synthesis, mitochondrial respiratory chain and riboflavin (RF). The figure is redrawn based on materials from Figdraw (https://www.figdraw.com). b, c Activity of complex I (1-day samples, t-test, t = 2.613, df = 12, p = 0.0227) (b) and complex II (c) in female SBPH at 1-, 3-, and 5-days post-emergence. d ATP content in whole body and ovaries of female SBPH. p = 0.0013 for 1-day body samples (t-test, t = 3.995, df = 14), p = 0.0093 for 1-day ovary samples (t-test, t = 4.707, df = 4) and p = 0.0482 for 3-day ovary samples (t-test, t = 2.813, df = 4). WI Wolbachia-infected, WU Wolbachia-uninfected. e Workflow for rotenone treatment. The yellow bubble represents the addition of 5 µM rotenone to artificial feed, while the cross symbol indicates the pure artificial diet (control). f ATP content in SBPH fed with rotenone or the control diet. p = 6.65e-07 for 1-day samples (t-test, t = 8.507, df = 14) and p = 0.0264 for 5-day samples (t-test, t = 2.482, df = 14). g Number of mature oocytes and h ovarian morphology in planthoppers fed with rotenone or control diet. The symbol × denotes no eggs laid on day 1. p = 0.0009 for 3-day samples (t-test, t = −3.935, df = 18). i Relative expression levels of ATPeF1B normalized to rps5 in WI SBPH at 3 days post-dsRNA treatment (t-test, t = −13.01, df = 8, p = 1.15e-06). j ATP content in SBPH treated dsATPeF1B and the dsRFP control. p = 0.0021 for 1-day samples (t-test, t = −3.9853, df = 11). k Number of mature oocytes (Wilcoxon test, W = 21.5, p = 9.6e-07) and l ovarian morphology in planthoppers at 3 days after emergence after dsRNA treatment. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM. The t-test indicates Student’s two-sided t-test. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001; ns not significant. Detailed statistical information can be found in Supplementary Data 1. Source data are available in the source data file.