Fig. 3: Three-dimensional defect structures formed in acoustic field.
From: Harnessing acoustic topology for dynamic control of liquid crystal defects
a 3D visualization of the director field structures in umbilic defect filaments. b Reconstruction of the director field around the defect center in the xy plane at the midplane of the cell. c POM image of a left-handed twist defect. Scale bar, 50 μm. d Experimental and e simulated XY cross-sectional FCPM images in the midplane of the cell. f Free energy density distribution, with background colors representing its magnitude. The calculations are based on reconstructed director fields obtained from fluorescence confocal polarizing microscopy (FCPM) data. g The director distribution around defect in yz plane. The background color denotes the angle θ between the LC director and the z-axis, with red and blue indicating regions where the director tilts in opposite directions. h, i Simulated pressure distribution (h) and streaming patterns (i) in the xz plane, generated by vertical and horizontal vibrations. In (h), the white arrow indicates the direction of the acoustic streaming. Streaming lines rotate clockwise or counterclockwise from displacement nodes to neighboring displacement antinodes, with arrows indicating rotation directions. j The simulated defect behavior driven by the acoustic field is solved using the anisotropic force Ginzburg-Landau equation. The left and right figures correspond to configurations under low and high acoustic field intensities, respectively.
