Fig. 4: Annual average nitrate (NO3) concentrations and mixed-layer average (MLD) irradiance in the Southern Ocean and their mean anomalies during marine heatwaves (MHWs) and marine cold spells (MCSs). | Nature Communications

Fig. 4: Annual average nitrate (NO3) concentrations and mixed-layer average (MLD) irradiance in the Southern Ocean and their mean anomalies during marine heatwaves (MHWs) and marine cold spells (MCSs).

From: Extreme temperature events reshuffle the ecological landscape of the Southern Ocean

Fig. 4

a Annual average surface NO3 concentrations (PISCES, 1998–2023 climatology), b MLD averaged irradiance (calculation method in “Methods” section, 1998–2023 climatology). Mean anomaly percentages of MLD averaged irradiance during MHWs (c) and MCSs (d). The subtropical front (STF) and polar front (PF) are indicated by the outer and inner black lines, respectively.

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