Fig. 1: Concentration of various classes of antibiotics detected in sewage water.

The figure illustrates concentrations of different antibiotic residues in sewage water samples (n = 102). Each dot represents the concentration of specific antibiotics belonging to macrolide, rifampin, tetracycline, beta-lactams, polymyxin, aminoglycosides, and quinolone group within the sample. The image was prepared using the Graph pad Prism v 10. The statistical significance was assessed by comparing the concentrations of different antibiotics to that of ampicillin which was undetectable through Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS-MS) in test samples. Statistical analysis were performed using two-sided t-test, with results indicated as non-significant (ns), or significant (marked with *). **p < 0.01, ****p < 0.0001.