Fig. 1: Effect of N enrichment on plants, soil microbial communities, and SOC. | Nature Communications

Fig. 1: Effect of N enrichment on plants, soil microbial communities, and SOC.

From: Critical thresholds for co-benefits of carbon accumulation and biodiversity conservation under global nitrogen enrichment

Fig. 1: Effect of N enrichment on plants, soil microbial communities, and SOC.

Distribution of study sites is shown globally (a) and across Whittaker’s biomes (b). The base world map was sourced from Natural Earth, supported by the North American Cartographic Information Society (https://www.naturalearthdata.com). Effects of N enrichment on diversity in plants (c), soil bacteria (d), and fungi (e). Effects of N enrichment on biomass in plants (f) and soil microbes (g). h Effects of N enrichment on SOC. Values are mean effect size ± 95% confidence intervals (CIs). If the 95% CI value does not overlap with zero, the response is considered significant. The number of observations in each variable is given on the right. Closed symbols indicate significant effects (α = 0.05), and the open symbols indicate nonsignificant effects. Compound N refers to fertilizers composed of multiple nitrogen forms (e.g., mixtures of nitrate, ammonium, and/or urea). Organic N refers to industrial organic fertilizers, livestock manure, and compost. CO(NH₂)₂ was classified separately (“Urea N”) owing to its rapid hydrolysis to ammonium, which differentiates it from other organic N sources such as manure or compost. Created in BioRender. Jiao, S. (2025) https://BioRender.com/814s45u. Source data are provided as a Source data file.

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