Fig. 2: Manhattan plot of the associations result from TWAS, AS-WAS and APA-WAS.

A The meta-analysis result from the associations among European ancestry and East Asian ancestry participants. P-values were calculated from a two-sided Wald Z test conducted by sTF-TWAS. The blue line indicates a Bonferroni-threshold of nominal P < 5.8 × 10−6 for TWAS (A), and P < 1.95 × 10−6 for AS-WAS (B), and P < 8.25 × 10−6 for APA-WAS (C), respectively. The novel identified risk genes from this study are highlighted in green. Four genes showed association signals with P-values exceeding the y-axis scale: POU5F1B (P = 1.09 × 10⁻⁶⁴) in (A); COLCA2 (P = 5.49 × 10⁻⁴⁵) in (B); LAMC1 (P = 9.57 × 10⁻²⁴) and DIP2B (P = 1.25 × 10⁻²²) in (C).