Fig. 2: Strategies for realizing highly adaptable object-integrated devices.

a Computational wrapping enables precise design and simulation of origami optoelectronic devices, allowing them to conform to complex 3D surfaces. This technique optimizes the folding patterns and cutting lines to ensure functionality and adaptability in dynamic environments. b Kirigami patterns, such as auxetic designs, enable devices to conformally adhere to curved surfaces. These patterns allow for flexibility and expansion, ensuring that the device maintains its functionality and integrity on complex geometries. c Classification of devices based on cell area (A_cell) and substrate thickness (t_sub). As the A_cell decreases and the t_sub becomes thinner, higher adaptability is observed. ν represents the Poisson’s ratio. The black triangles, gray squares, and light-blue circles represent non-stretchable structures, auxetic structures, and island–interconnector structures, respectively. d Advanced material-assisted shape morphing using self-healing materials and shape-memory materials allows for flexible control of surface attachment. (Fig. 2a is adapted with permission from ref. ⁶⁰, copyright 2022, American Association for the Advancement of Science and under CC BY 4.0 license from ref. ¹⁹. Figure 2b is adapted with permission under CC BY 4.0 license from ref. ⁶⁹. Figure 2c is reproduced with permission under CC BY 4.0 license from refs. ^19,20,63,70 and from ref. ²³, copyright 2024, Wiley, ref. ⁶⁷, copyright 2008, Springer Nature, ref. ⁴⁹, copyright 2013, Springer Nature, ref. ⁶², copyright 2021, Springer Nature, ref. ⁶⁴, copyright 2022, Wiley, ref. ⁶⁵, copyright 2022, Wiley, ref. ⁶⁶, copyright 2022, IEEE, ref. ⁷¹, copyright 2018, Wiley. Figure 2d is adapted with permission from ref. ⁷³, copyright 2022, Wiley, ref. ⁷⁴, copyright 2002, Wiley).