Fig. 1: Structure of the SF-NaMN, NaMN cathodes.

a The cation potential phase map of Na0.7Mn1−xNixO2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5). b X-ray diffraction of SF-NaMN and NaMN, the normalization methodology is min-max normalization, feature scaling to the [0, 1] range. c Williamson–Hall plots of SF-NaMN and NaMN. d Comparison of anion-anion distances in octahedral and prismatic environments of sodium-based layered oxides. Here, d(O–Na–O) and d(O–O) interlayer distances denote the perpendicular distances and straight-line distance between the two oxygen layers, respectively. In this case, the cation-anion distance is considered to be determined by the ionic radii of the cation (r+) and anion (r−), while the in-plane anion-anion distance is governed by the ionic radius of the anion.