Fig. 5: Effects of experimental protocols on leaf physiological responses to warming.

a–c Mean effect sizes (%) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for rooting condition, warming time, and warming facility. Points show mean effect sizes, and error bars indicate 95% CIs. Effect sizes are considered significant when their 95% CIs do not overlap zero. Numbers below indicate sample sizes. Between-group heterogeneity was assessed using the omnibus test of meta-regressions with an intercept. Significance levels are denoted as †0.05 <p < 0.1, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001. Trait abbreviations are as in Fig. 1. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.