Fig. 1: Design, working principle, and mechanisms of GaCuVan&HACHO-BSA hydrogel.
A Schematic illustration of GaCuVan self-assembly. B Schematic diagram illustrating the preparation of HACHO-BSA. C In vitro simulation of in situ gel formation of GaCuVan&HACHO-BSA hydrogel. D Mechanism of in situ gel formation. E In situ administration with GaCuVan&HACHO-BSA hydrogel. F (a) Recognition and capture of bacteria by the hydrogel via binding to specific terminal peptides on the bacterial cell wall. (b) Schematic illustrating the adsorption of bacterial antigens, serum albumin, and inflammatory factors by the hydrogel through Schiff base reactions, hydrogen bonding, and ionic coordination. G Mechanisms of induced trained immunity by the hydrogel. H Bacterial capture and bactericidal properties of the hydrogel. I Osteogenic effects of the hydrogel. J Induction of trained immunity and prevention of relapse by the hydrogel. Created in BioRender. Chen, H. (2025) https://BioRender.com/ompv5rx.
