Fig. 8: Field-scale validation of the nano reporter.
From: A nano-structured reporter for high-sensitivity contaminant detection in groundwater
a Aerial photo of the field test site and FPOC distribution (provided by Tianjin Eco-City Environmental Protection Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China). b Locations of the injection well (IW) and extraction wells (EW1, EW2, and EW3) at the demonstration site. c Schematic representation of the site stratigraphy and wellbores along cross-section A-A’ shown in (b), illustrating the geological layers and the nano reporter migration routes. d Breakthrough curves of the nano carrier (PVA-fCB) and the contaminant probe (NR) recorded in the three extraction wells, upon pulse-injection of the tracer into IW. e Comparison of FPOC saturation (Sn) determined by the nano reporter and by soil boring. The solid line shows the 1:1 relationship, and the shaded area represents the 99% confidence interval for the correlation.
