Fig. 5: Economic and environmental analyses of ODB system.

a Schematic of power generation and transportation of all-ODB system, intermittent renewable energy and continuous fossil energy (blue background). And schematic of electricity amplification after combining intermittent renewable energy or continuous fossil energy with ODB, and electricity loss after combining intermittent renewable energy and conventional ESSs (green background). b TEAs of generating 1 MWh of electricity combining different power generation technologies with ESSs. c Disposal costs of hydrazine wastewater with different methods. d CO2 emissions generated by combining different power generation technologies and ESSs to generate 1 MWh of electricity.