Fig. 4: Electrokinetic studies for C–N coupling reaction.

a, b Tafel plots of HER and C–N coupling over Ag NP (a) and Ag NC (b). c Comparison of Nyquist plots for HER and C–N coupling over Ag NP and Ag NC at –0.45 V vs. RHE. d Comparison of LSV curves on Ag NP for C–N coupling reaction in the electrolyte with H2O and D2O. e Partial current density and FE of MAMF as a function of the charges passed. f The relationship between HMF concentration and partial current density of MAMF, and the corresponding FE of MAMF. The error bars represent the standard deviation of three parallel repeated results. All tests were performed in an electrolyte of pH 11.0 ± 0.2 using an electrode with a surface area of 1.5 cm2, without iR correction. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.