Fig. 3: Characterization of the homotypic binding capability of MCF-7 BCCM@interface.

a AFM observations of MCF-7 breast cancer cell membrane-camouflaged interface (BCCM@interface) after incubation with extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolated from different cell lines, including MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, BT-474, and MCF-10A cells. b Fluorescence microscopy observations of DiO-stained MCF-7 BCCM@interface after incubation with Kit-Deep Red-stained EVs isolated from different cell lines, Scale bars, 20 µm. The representative images are shown from three independent repeats with similar results. c Cyclic voltammograms obtained at the bare gold electrode, the MCF-7 BCCM@interface, and the MCF-7 BCCM@interface after incubation with MCF-7 EVs. d Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results obtained at the bare gold electrode, the MCF-7 BCCM@interface, and the MCF-7 BCCM@interface after incubation with MCF-7 EVs. e EIS results obtained at the MCF-7 BCCM@interface after incubation with EVs isolated from different cell lines. Measurements were performed in triplicate (n = 3 biological replicates) in (c–e). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.