Abstract
Agricultural production requires low-cost sensors capable of delivering reliable, high-resolution data across large areas. Rising food demand, limited arable land, and severe soil degradation have accelerated the adoption of precision agriculture, which relies on real-time monitoring of soil, plant, and environmental conditions. Central to this shift is the development of scalable sensor technologies enabled by advances in materials science. Printing techniques, including inkjet, screen, aerosol jet, 3D printing, and direct laser writing, offer versatile routes to fabricate flexible, large-area, and plant-integrated sensors. This Review surveys recent progress in printable low-dimensional materials for agricultural sensing, examines their physicochemical properties in relation to sensor performance, and discusses key challenges and future opportunities requiring interdisciplinary integration.
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Acknowledgements
The work was supported from the ERDF/ESF project TECHSCALE (no. CZ.02.01.01/00/22_008/0004587) and the ERDF/ESF project “Interdisciplinary Approaches to the Prevention and Diagnosis of Viral Diseases” (CZ.02.01.01/00/23_021/0008856). M.O. and R.Z. also acknowledge financial support of the European Union under the REFRESH-Research Excellence For Region Sustainability and High-tech Industries project number CZ.10.03.01/00/22_003/0000048 via the Operational Programme Just Transition. This work was supported by the project Interdisciplinary approaches for the development and application of new materials in industrial, agricultural and medical practice, reg. no. CZ.02.01.01/00/23_021/0008909 of the ERDF Programme Johannes Amos Comenius. This work has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation program (SUSNANO) under grant agreement no. 101059266. The views and opinions expressed are, however, those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. The ICN2 is funded by the CERCA programme/Generalitat de Catalunya. The ICN2 is supported by the Severo Ochoa Centres of Excellence programme, Grant CEX2021-001214-S, funded by MCIU/AEI/10.13039.501100011033. F.G. and J.F. thank the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (Grand Challenges Explorations scheme under grant numbers OPP1212574 and INV-038695) for supporting this work. F.G. and S.O. acknowledge the support of the Bezos Earth Fund through the Bezos Centre for Sustainable Protein (BCSP/IC/001).
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Conceptualization was performed by D.P., F.G., N.D., and M.O. Writing of the original draft was carried out by D.P., V.K., M.-A.N., S.O., N.D., J.F., J.Z., I.D., P.J., L.S., L.Z., R.Z., K.K.S., M.P., J.W., R.Á.D., and A.M. Review and editing of the manuscript were contributed by all authors. Visualization was prepared by D.P. Funding acquisition and supervision were provided by F.G. and M.O.
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Panáček, D., Kupka, V., Nalepa, MA. et al. Printing technologies for monitoring crop health. Nat Commun (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-68778-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-68778-6
