Fig. 5: Comparisons in inherited genetic load between the two haplotype genomes of the hybrid apomictic species Carya hunanensis.

Nucleotide diversity at nonsynonymous (0-fold degenerate) sites (a) and synonymous (4-fold degenerate) sites (b). c Ratio of heterozygosity at 0-fold sites relative to 4-fold sites. Ratios of derived deleterious (DEL) variants (d) and loss-of-function (LOF) variants (e) to synonymous variants in heterozygous and homozygous regions per individual. The two haplotype genomes represent different parental origins: haplotype E was inherited from the apomictic parents (C. cathayensis and C. dabieshanensis), while haplotype W was inherited from the sexual parent (C. tonkinensis). All analyses are based on 57 adult trees of C. hunanensis. Box plots summarize the distribution across individuals: the center line indicates the median, the box bounds correspond to the 25th and 75th percentiles, and whiskers extend to 1.5× the interquartile range. Statistical significance between haplotypes was assessed using two-sided Welch’s t-tests without multiple-testing correction. Asterisks indicate significance levels (ns, not significant; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.