Fig. 3: Parasitemia and infectiousness for 17 bird species in Hawai’i (7 native species (left of the vertical black line), 10 introduced species (right of the vertical black line)). | Nature Communications

Fig. 3: Parasitemia and infectiousness for 17 bird species in Hawai’i (7 native species (left of the vertical black line), 10 introduced species (right of the vertical black line)).

From: Variation in pathogen load and the pathogen load–infectiousness relationship broaden avian malaria’s distribution

Fig. 3: Parasitemia and infectiousness for 17 bird species in Hawai’i (7 native species (left of the vertical black line), 10 introduced species (right of the vertical black line)).

A Plasmodium relictum GRW4 parasitemia on a log10 scale. B Infectiousness was estimated as the fraction of mosquitoes with disseminated infections, 10 days at 24 °C after feeding on each parasitemia estimate from A. In A and B, points show values for individual wild-caught birds, with the number of parasitemia values displayed above each species (total N = 1207). Black circles and error bars are the mean values and SE for each species. Native and introduced species differed significantly in both parasitemia and infectiousness (generalized linear mixed effects model with a beta distribution and logit link with species as a random effect: Parasitemia: Native coef. 0.27 ± SE 0.091, z = 2.97, P = 0.0030, Intercept −5.77, random effect variance 0.0086; Infectiousness: Native coef. 0.21 ± SE 0.071, z = 2.91, P = 0.0036; Intercept −1.35, random effect variance 0.016; see also Fig. S4).

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