Fig. 5: Schematic of urban morphology influences vertical motions and simulated results of two vertical velocity scales.
a Schematic of urban breeze circulation (UBC) model with urban canopy. uUBC and wUBC are the streamwise and vertical velocity scales of UBC and LUBC is the length scale of UBC. b Schematic of the model for vertical turbulence σw. The annular areas between the building wall and the dashed box indicate regions that vertical turbulence is influenced by the buildings with width δ. σw,0 and σw,b are the standard deviations of the vertical velocity fluctuations without urban canopy and influenced by urban canopy, respectively; D is building width and L is the distance between two building centers (size of the repeating unit). c Vertical velocity scale of UBC wUBC for all simulated cases. wUBC is defined as the average vertical velocity within the range of the horizontal length scale of LUBC. LUBC is defined as the lag that the auto-correlation function of 〈w〉y reaches the minimum value. d Vertical turbulence above urban core for all simulated cases. σw,core is defined as the maximum standard deviation of w over urban core. Urban core is urban area exclude a region with width LUBC surrounding urban-rural interface.
