Fig. 3: Catalyst characterization.

a TEM image of Co/CoOx. b, c HR-TEM images of Co/CoOx. d TEM image of CuCo/CoOx. e, f HR-TEM images of CuCo/CoOx. g–j EDS spectroscopy mapping profiles of CuCo/CoOx. k XRD patterns. l Raman spectra. m EPR spectra. n The IR spectra of adsorbed pyridine on CuCo/CoOx and Co/CoOx catalysts. o, p XPS spectra of (o) O1s and (p) Co 2p3/2 in CuCo/CoOx and Co/CoOx catalysts.