Fig. 4: Stepwise hygrogen spillover effect.

a H2-TPR profiles of Co/CoOx, CuCo/CoOx, Co/TiO2, Cu/TiO2, Co/SiO2, Cu/SiO2 and physically mixed Co/CoOx and Cu/TiO2 (Cu/SiO2) samples in a 1:1 mass ratio. b Hydrogen spillover experiments of unreduced Co/CoOx, CuCo/CoOx, Cu/SiO2, physically mixed Co/CoOx and Cu/SiO2 samples in a 1:1 mass ratio and reduced Co/CoOx, CuCo/CoOx. c Calculated adsorption energies of H2 and dissociation energy of H2 on Cu (111), hcp Co (101) and fcc Co (111). d The proposed mechanism of stepwise hydrogen spillover on CuCo/CoOx.