Fig. 5: Catalytic mechanism.

a PX production efficiency under different H2 pressure and p-methylbenzoate concentration. Reaction conditions: 0.05 g catalyst, 0.2 g ethyl p-methylbenzoate, 10 mL of 1,4-dioxane, 600 rpm, 190 °C, 1 h, H2 pressure ranging from 0.5 MPa to 2 MPa; 0.03 g catalyst, 10 mL of 1,4-dioxane, 600 rpm, 190 °C, 1 h, 2 MPaH2, weight of ethyl p-methylbenzoate ranging from 0.5 g to 2.0 g; b H2-TPD profiles of CuCo/CoOx and Co/CoOx. c Time profile of hydrogenolysis on CuCo/CoOx and Co/CoOx. d Ethyl p-methylbenzoate-TPD profiles of CuCo/CoOx and Co/CoOx. e PX-TPD profiles of CuCo/CoOx and Co/CoOx. f–h In situ methyl benzoate-absorbed FTIR spectra in the presence of Ar on CuCo/CoOx and Co/CoOx. i In situ methyl benzoate-conversion FTIR spectra in the presence of 10% H2-Ar on CuCo/CoOx and Co/CoOx. j Proposed catalytic mechanism on CuCo/CoOx. PX refers to p-xylene.