Table 1 Endemicity, Known or Hypothesized Modes of Transmission, and Causative Agent of Skin Neglected Tropical Diseases
Disease | Causative Agent | Known or Hypothesized Transmission Mechanism | Endemic Regions |
|---|---|---|---|
Diseases with Known Transmission Routes | |||
Onchocerciasis | Ochocerca volvulus | Vector (Black fly, Simulium) | Sub-Saharan Africa, Americas, Yemen |
Tungiasis | Tunga penetrans and Tunga trimamillata (ectoparasite) | Direct contact with infested environment | Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa |
Scabies | Sarcoptes scabiei (ectoparasite) | Direct contact with infested person | Western Pacific, Africa, Southeast Asia, Parts of Americas, Sporadic in high income countries |
Yaws | Treponema pallidum pertenue | Person-to-person contact | Sub-Saharan Africa, southeast Asia, Areas of Pacific islands |
Lymphatic Filariasis | Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, B. timori | Vector (Mosquito) | Numerous countries across Asia, Africa, the Western Pacific, and parts of the Caribbean and South America |
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis | Leishmania species | Vector (Sandfly) | Africa, Americas, Asia, Europe, Middle East |
Post kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis | Leishmania species | Vector (Sandfly) | East Africa, South Asia |
Diseases whose Transmission are not fully understood | |||
Leprosy | Mycobacterium leprae; M. lepromatosis | Person-to-Person; Aerosols; Environmental Reservoirs | Asia, South-East Asia, Americas, Central Africa, West Pacific |
Buruli ulcer | M. ulcerans | Traumatic Implantation Through Environmental Source; Mosquito | West/Central Africa, Asia, Australia, Americas |
Mycetoma | Environmental bacteria and fungi | Traumatic Implantation | Africa, Americas, Parts of Asia |
Chromoblastomycosis | Dematiaceous fungi | Traumatic Implantation | Africa, Americas, Asia, Caribbean |
Sporotrichosis | Dimorphic fungi Sporothrix | Traumatic Implantation | Americas, South Africa, Asia |
