Fig. 3: Long-lasting fermentation of MMT@Bac@TL. | Nature Communications

Fig. 3: Long-lasting fermentation of MMT@Bac@TL.

From: A montmorillonite-based oral fermentation system enables long-lasting in-situ biosynthesis to restore intestinal homeostasis

Fig. 3: Long-lasting fermentation of MMT@Bac@TL.The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

a, b Levels of indole (a) and lactic acid (b) after 72 or 24 hours of incubation (n = 4 or 5 independent samples). c Concentration of indole in the cecum (n = 4 or 5 independent samples). d,Total indole level in the cecum and colon (n = 4 or 5 independent samples). e Concentration of indole in the entire intestine 4 hours after oral administration (n = 4 or 5 independent samples). f Concentration of lactic acid in faces 12 hours after oral administration (n = 4 or 5 independent samples). g Concentration of indole in the entire intestine (n = 4 or 5 independent samples). h Concentration of lactic acid in the colon 72 hours after oral gavage (n = 4 or 5 independent samples). i, j Biofilm mass of Bac, MMT@Bac, and MMT@Bac@TL after 6 hours (i) or 48 hours (j) of incubation in SIF (n = 4 or 5 independent samples). k Confocal images of the biofilms formed by Bac, MMT@Bac, and MMT@Bac@TL, respectively. Biofilms are identified by Con A (Red). Bacteria are labeled with DAPI. A section of the ileum was placed on a concave glass slide. Then, Bac, MMT@Bac, and MMT@Bac@TL re-suspended in 0.5 ml SIF were incubated on the ileum section for 72 hours. Scale bar, 30 μm. Data are represented as means ± SD. p-values were determined using one-way ANOVA. p values < 0.05 are shown. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

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