Fig. 4: In vitro characterization of Gox and SOD-grafted BC materials.

a Schematic illustration of the GOx/SOD-BC dressing and its proposed mechanism of reaction. b DPPH assay absorbance curves showing the free radical scavenging activity of BC, physically adsorbed SOD (SOD/BC), covalently bound SOD (SOD-BC), and dual-enzyme system (GOx/SOD-BC). Milli-Q water served as a blank control. The experiment was repeated three times independently and yielded comparable results. c Corresponding DPPH radical scavenging rates calculated at 519 nm for BC, SOD/BC, SOD-BC, and GOx/SOD-BC (n = 3 per group; statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA; ***p < 0.001). d Representative fluorescence images showing intracellular ROS levels in RAW264.7 cells treated with BC or GOx/SOD-BC. Endo indicates exogenously added endotoxin ( − Endo, absence; +Endo, presence). Images were obtained using an inverted fluorescence microscope (scale bar: 200 μm). The experiment was repeated three times independently and yielded comparable results. e Absorbance curves from the GOx kit assay for BC, GOx/BC, GOx-BC, and GOx/SOD-BC. Milli-Q water served as a blank control. The experiment was repeated three times independently and yielded comparable results. f Calculated GOx enzyme activity of BC, GOx/BC, GOx-BC, and GOx/SOD-BC (n = 3 per group; statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA; ***p < 0.001). Data are presented as mean ± SD. Source data for this figure is available in the Source Data file.